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In the late 1960s Alan Scott, M.D., a San Francisco ophthalmologist, and Edward Schantz were the first to work on a standardized botulinum toxin preparation for therapeutic purposes. By 1973, Scott (now at Smith-Kettlewell Institute) used botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in monkey experiments, and, in 1980, he officially used BTX-A for the first time in humans to treat strabismus “crossed eyes“, a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other, and “uncontrollable blinking” (blepharospasm).In 1993, Pasricha and colleagues showed that botulinum toxin could be used for the treatment of achalasia (a spasm of the lower esophageal sphincter),[9] while in 1994 Bushara and Park showed that botulinum toxin injections inhibit sweating. These were the first demonstrations of an autonomic use of BTX-A in humans.
Blepharospasm and strabismus

In the early 1980s, university-based ophthalmologists in the U.S.A. and Canada further refined the use of botulinum toxin as a therapeutic agent. By 1985, a scientific protocol of injection sites and dosage had been empirically determined for treatment of blepharospasm and strabismus. Side effects were deemed to be rare, mild and treatable. The beneficial effects of the injection lasted only 4–6 months. Thus, blepharospasm patients required re-injection two or three times a year.

In 1986, Scott’s micro-manufacturer and distributor of Botox was no longer able to supply the drug because of an inability to obtain product liability insurance. Patients became desperate as supplies of Botox were gradually consumed, forcing him to abandon patients who would have been due for their next injection. For a period of four months American blepharospasm patients had to arrange to have their injections performed by participating doctors at Canadian eye centers until the liability issues could be resolved.

In December 1989, Botox manufactured by Allergan, Inc., was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of strabismus, blepharospasm, and hemifacial spasm in patients over 12 years old.

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BOTOX® Cosmetic is a prescription medicine that is injected into muscles and used to improve the look of moderate-to-severe frown lines between the brows in people 18 to 65 years of age for a short period of time (temporary).

BOTOX® Cosmetic is administered by a healthcare professional as a simple, nonsurgical treatment that is injected directly into the muscles between the brows. It works by blocking nerve impulses to the injected muscles. This reduces muscle activity that causes moderate to severe lines to form between the brows.

Facts about BOTOX® Cosmetic:

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Dr. Stephen Slade MD was the first surgeon in the United States to perform LASIK eye surgery and also has the longest experience with Bladeless LASIK or LASIK performed with two lasers including one to make the flap.

Dr. Stephen Slade MD performed the first LASIK in the United States. Later he performed the first Custom LASIK ablation based on topography in the United States and has remained on the cutting edge, having the first and longest experience with all laser LASIK, accommodating intraocular lenses for cataract surgery (crystalens) and implantable corneal contact lens.

Dr. Stephen Slade MD has extensive experience and has performed LASIK and other types of refractive surgery on more than 25,000 patients from Houston and around the world.

More recently, Dr. Stephen Slade MD performed the first Laser Cataract Surgery procedure in the United States, setting a new standard in cataract care.

Dr. Stephen Slade MD is highly regarded among other Ophthalmologists and is considered to be the “Surgeon’s Surgeon” as over 450 of his fellow eye surgeons have chosen him to perform their own eye surgery.

Dr Stephen Slade‘s peers have selected him for inclusion in “Top Fifty Opinion Leaders,” “Top Texas Doctors,” “Best Doctors,” and “Best Doctors in America.” He has also received the Honor Award of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and is a regular presenter at medical meetings where he has received several “Best Speaker” awards and has twice won First Place at the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery Film Festival.

LASIK eye surgery pioneer Dr. Stephen Slade MD, MD, FACS is a Houston, Texas native who is a specialist in vision correction procedures.

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Dr. Stephen Slade MD is highly regarded among other Ophthalmologists and is considered to be the “Surgeon\’s Surgeon” as over 450 of his fellow eye surgeons have chosen him to perform their own eye surgery.

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Dr. Stephen Slade MD performed the first LASIK in the United States. Later he performed the first Custom LASIK ablation based on topography in the United States and has remained on the cutting edge, having the first and longest experience with all laser LASIK, accommodating intraocular lenses for cataract surgery (crystalens) and implantable corneal contact lens.

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